When speaking about graphene, we have to first state the all-natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are closely linked, yet the mix of carbon atoms between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms create a normal hexagonal ring on the same plane, stretching to develop a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, then graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to peel a solitary layer structure.
More than 20 years back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a means to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a solitary layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took an extremely “simple and unrefined” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we write a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists boldly associate that if tape can adhere to the surface of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was split right into two. Although the thickness of graphite right now is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have confirmed the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation technique” to duplicate the procedure, they lastly obtained a thin sheet consisting of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this method of consistently scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has reduced production efficiency and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the improvement of scientific and technical degrees, the prep work technique of graphene has actually likewise made fantastic development. At present, along with this standard physical and mechanical peeling method, there are likewise numerous approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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